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Lipase-catalyzed interesterification was used to prepare different structured lipids (SL) from rice bran oil (RBO) by replacing some of the fatty acids with α-linolenic acid (ALA) from linseed oil (LSO) and n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from cod liver oil (CLO). In one SL, the ALA content was 20% whereas in another the long chain n-3 PUFA content was 10%. Most of the n-3 PUFA were...
Two new acetylenic alcohols (1–2) and a new dihydrothiopyranone (3) were isolated from the tropical sponge Reniochalina sp. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods to be (3R)-hydroxyoctatriacont-(4E)-en-1-yne (1), 5-hydroxyheptatriacont-(3Z)-en-1-yne (2) and 2-hexadecyl-2,3-dihydrothiopyran-4-one (3). The acetylenic alcohol (1) exhibited significant growth inhibitory...
Oolichan grease, a dietary fat prepared from smelt-like fish, is highly prized by north Pacific coast aboriginal cultures. The composition of oolichan grease is unclear, with one report indicating a high 22:6n-3 content consistent with cold-water marine oils, but another reporting a much lower value. We noted that oolichan grease remains solid up to 15 °C, suggesting a low polyunsaturate content....
Membrane lipids of photosynthetic organisms consist of glycerophospholipids and glyceroglycolipids. We investigated a method for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of neutral and acidic lipids using HPLC–ELSD, and quantified monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG). Ten complex lipid classes were separated with a binary gradient...
Changes in bile synthesis by the liver or alterations in the enterohepatic circulation due to a variety of etiological conditions may represent a novel source of liver disease-specific biomarkers. Bile from patients with liver diseases exhibited significant changes in the levels of glycine- and taurine-conjugated bile acids, phospholipids, cholesterol and urea relative to non-liver disease controls...
Chemical and enzymatic interesterification are used to create spreadable fats. However, a comparison between the two processes in terms of their acute metabolic effects has not yet been investigated. A randomised crossover study in obese (plasma TAG > 1.69 mmol/L, and BMI > 30 (BMI = kg/m2) or waist circumference > 102 cm, n = 11, age = 59.3 ± 1.8 years) and non-obese (plasma triacylglycerol...
Patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) usually have low high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. We determined the HDL distribution profile as well as the HDL-related lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 (HDL-LpPLA2) and paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activities in subjects with MetS (n = 189) but otherwise healthy. Age and sex-matched individuals (n = 166) without MetS served as controls. The...
Linseed, a source of linolenic acid, is used in ruminant diets to increase polyunsaturated fatty acids (FA) in animal products. Seed processing is known to have an impact on FA rumen metabolism, but few data are available for linseed. We studied the effect of linseed lipid on ruminal metabolism and intestinal digestibility in cows. Three modes of linseed processing: rolled linseed (RL), extruded linseed...
Major behavioral and neurochemical features observed between inbred C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mouse strains can be reproduced within rodent strains following dietary-induced reductions in brain docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) composition. It was therefore hypothesized that C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice exhibit constitutive differences in brain DHA composition that are independent of diet. To test this, adult...
Two novel ceramides, Candidamide A (1) with a phytosphingolipid structure, and Candidamide B (2) with a tertiary amide structure, together with 12 known compounds (3–14) have been isolated from the bulbs of Zephyranthes candida, The structures of 1 and 2 have been elucidated to be 1,3,5,6-tetrahydroxy-2-(2′-hydroxytetracosanoyl amino)-8-(E)-octadecadiene (1) and (2S,3S,4R,8E,2′R)-2-[N-(2′-hydroxyoctadecanoyl)-...
Statins, inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase, reduce plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels decreasing the incidence of coronary events. However, the observed benefit of statins appears to extend beyond their lipid-lowering effects. Previous studies by our group have demonstrated that atorvastatin in oxidized LDL incubated macrophages modifies the gene expression profile of certain enzymes...
Lipoxygenases (LOX) catalyze the oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, the first step in the biosynthesis of a large group of biologically active fatty acid metabolites collectively named oxylipins. In the present study we report the characterization of the enzymatic activity of the six lipoxygenases found in the genome of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Recombinant expressed AtLOX-1 and...
Dietary enrichment with phytosterols (plant sterols similar to cholesterol) is able to reduce plasma cholesterol levels due to reduced intestinal absorption. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of phytosterol-enriched yogurt consumption on the major serum lipid parameters, low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor activity, LDL-receptor affinity, and CD36 expression in hypercholesterolemic...
The biologic availability of two kinds of tocomonoenols, marine-derived tocopherol (MDT) and α-tocomonoenol, was investigated in ICR mice. Vitamin E-deficient ICR mice were fed MDT and α-tocomonoenol together with α-tocopherol, β-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, and δ-tocopherol, and storage in liver, spleen, lung, and brain was quantified using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The vitamin...
Studies show that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in cancer cells. Recent reports indicate that this effect is due to activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). However, what causes this activation has been unclear. We examined the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on the human leukemia cell line HL60 and the econazole (Ec) resistant HL60...
Here, we report the identification and quantification of the molecular species of long-, medium-, and short-chain triacylglycerols (TAG) in butterfat (BF), including TAG with an odd number of acyl carbons (ACN) and TAG with unidentified molecular species. In the present study, in addition to auto-MS2, a large number of methods, each recording MS2 for 1–4 ions, were used for identification of TAG species...
Lipase-catalyzed transesterification of triolein with cinnamic and ferulic acids using an immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica (E.C. 3.1.1.3) was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the lipophilized products as model systems for enhanced protection of unsaturated oil. The lipophilized products were identified using ESI-MS. Free radical scavenging activity was determined using the...
In cases of essential fatty acid deficiency, 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid (Mead acid, 20:3n-9) is synthesized from oleic acid as a 20-carbon analog of arachidonic acid. It was reported that 20:3n-9 levels were markedly higher in human fetal cartilage than in the muscle, liver and spleen. We, therefore, hypothesized that 20:3n-9 decreased osteoblastic activity. Goldfish scales were incubated either with...
This study was to determine the effect of a seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum extract (SE) containing 220 mg g−1 phlorotannins on differentiation and fatty acid accumulation in differentiating 3T3-L1 adipocytes. 3T3-L1 cells (2 × 104 mL−1) were seeded to 24-well plates and proliferated to reach confluence and then were treated with media containing 0, 12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100 μg mL−1 SE for 8 days. Dexamethasone,...
Diacylglycerol (DAG) supplementation has been shown to be associated with the reduction of postprandial triacylglycerol (TAG) concentration, although the extent of the association is uncertain. We quantitatively examined the effect of dietary DAG on postprandial serum TAG concentration by conducting a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Potential papers were initially searched for in the...
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